Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT) is an entrance examination conducted by Birla Institute of Technology and Science, popularly known as BITS to award seats in their BE programs. BITS have three campuses in Goa, Pilani and Hyderabad with 2000 seats in total. Every year thousands of students sit for BITSAT in order to secure seats in one of these colleges. BITSAT exam 2016 is no different! This year [Read more…]
This control structure is used when the programmer has to make some decision while writing a block of code.
Syntax:
If(condition) // This condition is true
{
Block of code; // Then this block of code will be executed
}
else // otherwise
{
Block of code: // This block of code will be executed
}
So, Let us start writing some simple program using if then else control structure
We will write a program for determining that whether the student is pass or fail by accepting the marks
Logic: First, we will declare a variable of int data type. After declaring the value we will accept the value from the user and then store it in that variable. The using the if then else control structure we will determine whether the student is pass or fail. Let’s start writing this simple code.
int i; // variable declared
printf(“Enter the number”); // “Enter the number” will be declared on the screen
scanf(“%d”, &i): // value accepted and stored in variable i
if(i > 40) // if the condition is true i.e. if the marks stored in i is greater than 40
{
printf(“Pass”); // then pass will be printed on the screen
}
else // If the above condition is not true i.e. if the marks stored in i is less than 40 then the block of code in else section will be executed
{
printf(“Fail”);
}
If the programmer has to use more than one condition while writing a program the nested if then else control structure is used.
Syntax:
If(condition) // If this condition is true
{
Block of code; // Then this block of code will be executed
}
else //otherwise
{
if(condition) // If this condition is true in the else section
{
Block of code; // Then this block of code will be executed
}
else // Otherwise
{
Block of code: // This block of code will be executed
}
}
Now, we will write the same program written above but with multiple conditions
Logic: The logic will be same but in the nested if then else the first condition will be if the marks is greater than 40 then the student is pass, second condition if the marks are in between 50 and 55 then second class and third condition will be if the marks are greater than 55 then higher second class else the student is fail.
int i; // variable declared
printf(“Enter the number”); // “Enter the number” will be declared on the screen
scanf(“%d”, &i): // value accepted and stored in variable i
if(i > 40) // if the condition is true i.e. if the marks stored in i is greater than 40
{
printf(“Pass”); // If the above condition is true then “Pass” will be printed on the screen
}
else // Otherwise the next if condition will be written and executed in this else section
{
if ( 50 < i < 55) if the marks are in between 50 and 55 then the block of code in this section will be executed
{
printf(“second class”); // “second class” will be printed on the screen.
}
else // The next if condition will be written and executed in this else section
{
if( i > 55) // If the marks are above 55 the higher second class will be displayed
{
printf(“Higher second class”);
}
else // If any of the above mentioned condition is not true the this else section will be executed
{
printf(“Fail”);
} // This else section is closed
} // previous else section is closed
} // The first else section in closed
The concept of if then else and nested if then else will be cleared to you. Its time for you to write your first program.
Problem Statement: Write a program to know whether the year given by the user is a leap year or not.
In this problem statement we will use modulus (%) operator. The modulus operator will return the remainder
For example: 20%5 will return 4 (i.e. the remainder)
Conditions for leap year
Store the year given by user in some variable say x
There are three conditions
else
not a leap year.
Hope this logic will be help you to develop the program.
Now you have the knowledge about how to use if then else and nested if then else. For more problems on this control structure refer the book “C” by Dennis Ritchie.
Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a test conducted by Educational Testing Service (ETS) since 1949. This exam is not based on any specific field of study it is a general exam required for most of graduate programs except Medical School and Law School. It aims at testing Analytical Writing, Quantitative Reasoning, Verbal Reasoning of the examine. It is used by most of graduate universities in U.S.A. and many other countries like Canada, Australia, and U.K. etc.
GRE is considered as a prerequisite exam for many courses in U.S. universities. But the weightage given to GRE during admission process varies largely from just being a criteria to important factor for granting admission.
This exam can be taken as A Computer Based Test (CBT) or paper Based Test. Computer based test can be taken multiple times in a year. But there are certain restrictions such as a candidate cannot give a CBT for 21 days after giving it once. Paper based test can be given thrice a year multiple times.
There was major change in GRE exam pattern in Aug 2011, in which the scale was changed fto 130-170 from 200-800. Another important change was it was changed from adaptive question-by-question to section-by-section exam. Which means the two section what we have in verbal reasoning and quantitative reasoning have different difficulty level.
For an Instance as there are two sections in quantitative reasoning, the first section will have random difficulty level but the difficulty level of second section increases and the score in first section id higher. Same applies to verbal reasoning also.
GRE consists of 5 Measures:-
GRE begins by Analytical Writing Section which has time of 60 minutes in which candidate has to type two essays. This is followed by next five sections which include Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning and unscored section which all together will appear randomly and the score of unscored section will not be added to final GRE score. Final Research section is optional the candidate can skip this section if he/she is not interested. This all amounts to 3hrs. And 45min. Of total exam time.
Analytical Writing and Quantitative Reasoning have 40 questions each. Their score ranges from 130-170 with an increment of 1 point for every correct answer. AWM Score scale is from 0-6.
GRE can be given by anyone. There is no prerequisite for giving exam. As it is a general test it is same for Engineering and all other courses. Fees for giving GRE is around 195$ and registration can be done on official ETS website.
This is just the Overview of GRE Exam, Read our further articles also in which we tell you How to crack GRE and from where and how to Start the Gre Exam Preparation.
ALL THE BEST !!!!!
Also Read: Learn C language From Scratch
Any meaningful program written in any language has three sections:-
Accepting the data or displaying the data is not a simple process. There are several complications like the format of the data etc. For example if you want to accept a number like 107, it can be interpreted in many ways i.e. this 107 number can be considered as octal number, decimal number or hexadecimal number. The system cannot know how to regard the data. There are several other problems like keyboard and display with ASCII codes which have to be converted to hexadecimal etc. All this stuff is beyond the reach of normal programmers. Therefore most of the language including the ‘C’ language provide support in the form of inbuilt functions to simplify the process.
In ‘C’ language we have “scanf” function for accepting the data from keyboard and “printf” function for displaying the data on screen. Both these function require “format specifiers” which will take care of the problem that what kind of data does the ‘C’ language is going to accept or what kind of data is it going to display. For example if you have declared a variable ‘i’ as ‘int’ then you can accept the decimal data from the keyboard through the following way.
int i; From this instruction you have declared a variable ‘i’ as integer data type and 2 bytes of memory will be allocated in the memory.
scanf(“%d”, &i);
Now ‘scanf’ is the function which we have used to accept the data from the user. Here ‘%d’ is the format specifier which is used to let the system know that the value which the system is going to accept is a decimal value. The format specifier is put in “” and comma is given after that. Now the “&” is used to tell the system the address allocated to ‘i’ in the system so that the value which the system is going to accept will be stored in ‘i.
While writing a ‘C’ program we are free to specify multiple variable of different widths and data types in 1 “scanf” function.
Some more examples of “scanf” function:-
int i;
char j;
float k
scanf(“%d%c%f”, &i,&j,&k);
In the above example we have declared three variables i,j,k as decimal, character and float data type. And in the next instruction in the scanf function we have declared three format specifiers accordingly. After that we have given the address of i, j,k to store the data accordingly.
Remember that the data type must be matched with the associated format specifier.
“printf” is the function used for displaying the result on screen.
For example: int i;
scanf(“%d”, & i);
printf(“%d”, i);
In the above example we declared a variable ‘i’ of int data type. Then we accepted the value from user and stored the value in ‘i’. After storing the value we displayed the value using ‘printf‘ function. The concept for using ‘printf‘ is same as ‘scanf‘. The only difference is that the ‘&’ sign is not used in the ‘printf‘ function. Some examples of ‘printf‘ is given below.
int i,j,k;
printf(“Enter the first number”); Display “Enter the first number” on screen
scanf(“%d”, &i); Accept and store the value in i;
printf(“Enter the second number”); Display “Enter the second number” on screen
scanf(“%d”, &j); Accept and store the value in j;
printf(“Enter the third number”); Display “Enter the third number” on screen
scanf(“%d”, &k); Accept and store the value in k;
printf(“The first number is %d”, i); Display “The first number is (and the number you have stored in i)” on the place of %d the number will be displayed because the number you have stored in i is integer value.
printf(“The second number is %d”, j); Display “The second number is (and the number you have stored in j)” on the place of %d the number will be displayed because the number you have stored in j is integer value.
printf(“The third number is %d”, k); Display “The third number is (and the number you have stored in k)” on the place of %d the number will be displayed because the number you have stored in k is integer value.
if You have missed our Previous Modules
Read Here:
Module 1 – Basics of C Language
Module 2 – Data Types in C language
Suppose you are writing a program in C language and you need to store an integer value for your program, but how will C know that the value you are going to store for your program is an integer value. So, data types are used. Now if you are going to store an integer value you will declare a “int” as a data type. Now look at the example given below.
int i;
Now from the above instruction you will see that a variable ‘i’ is declared and is given ‘int’ as a data type. Now what “C” will do is allocate 2 bytes of memory for ‘i’ in the storage area and you will be able to store an integer value in ‘i’.
The following are the commonly used data types used in C language:-
Note: – The memory allocation is in C under DOS i.e. Disk Operating System. The memory allocation in C under Linux will be different.
Remember: – The programmer should be aware of nature and range of data before writing any program. Accordingly, you will have to request the system to allocate storage for data following up standard data types supportive by ‘C’ under DOS (Disk Operating System).
C language is case sensitive. All standard function names, variable declaration are always in lower case.
A character has one ASCII associated. A name consists of ‘n’ such characters where ‘n’ is variable i.e. some name may have 10 characters while other may have something else. Therefore, the computer cannot automatically understand where the name ends. Now when you want to type a name in ‘C’ it gets stored in the form of strings. Now the question arises how ‘C’ will know that the string has ended. The end of the string is has an additional character equal to ’00’. This 00 is known as Delimiter. When you are finished typing a string you press enter, after pressing enter the system automatically put the delimiter that is ’00’ which tells ‘C’ that the string came to an end. For example if a string contains ‘HELLO’ it will actually contain 5 ASCII code followed by an additional byte containing ’00’ i.e. DELIMITER. This 00 is not the part of the string.
When you are giving an input and displaying the result the concept of format specifiers are used. The system must know that which value is going to be stored or which value the system is going to display. For example, if you are going to give some decimal value or display decimal value ‘%d’ is used. Now don’t get confused with data types. Data types are used to tell the system that which value the user is going to use in the program and system will allocate the memory accordingly.
For example int i; Here ‘i’ is the variable and the data type is int. Now 2 bytes of memory will be allocated in the storage and decimal value will be stored.
Format Specifier
Scanf(“%d”, &i); Here in this instruction the system will know that the value that the user is going to give is decimal value and that value will be stored in variable ‘i’
Here are some formats specifiers
if You have Missed the Module 1 Read Here : Basics of C Language
This blog is dedicated to the students who are new to computer world. As I have seen many of the students have fear of programming language. But the programming language is not that tough as it seems to be. There are hurdles but to overcome these hurdles you have to start practising the programming language. To be a good programmer you have to clear your basic skills in C programming. So, let us start with the C language.
First you should have some knowledge about the Hexadecimal numbers, Binary numbers and Decimal numbers. Hex numbers are those numbers which ends with “H”. For example 1H, 2H, etc. The decimal numbers are the numbers which are written in decimal notation. For example, 0, 1, 2, 3…..and so on. The Binary numbers are in the form of 0 and 1. For example if you have to write 0 in binary it will be written as 0000.
Hexadecimal Binary Decimal
0 0000 0 The Hex number is 0H and the decimal numer is 0.
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10 In hex numbers instead of 10, A is written and so on 15 is written as F in Hex
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
Now you must be confused about Binary numbers. So here is the trick for binary numbers
Remember the four digits “8 4 2 1”.
8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 = 0 in this case all the bits are set to zero so the binary is 0.
0 0 0 1 = 1 in this case the bit number 1 is set to 1 so the binary is 1.
0 0 1 0 = 2 Bit number 2 is set to 1 so binary is 2.
0 0 1 1 = 3 in this case bit 2 and bit 1 is set to 1 so binary is 2 + 1 = 3.
0 1 0 0 = 4 Bit 4 is set to 1 so binary is 4.
0 1 0 1 = 5 Bits 4 and 1 set to 1 so binary is 4 + 1 = 5
For other Binary number refer to the example above
From the above example you must be having a clear idea about the Binary Numbers, Hexadecimal Numbers and Decimal Numbers.
Now understand some computer terminologies
210 = 1024 = 1K
211 = 2048 = 2K
212 = 4096 = 4K
213 = 8192 = 8K
214 = 16384 = 16K
215 = 32786 = 32K
2 16 = 65536 = 64K
Here 1K means 1 Kilobyte (Kb), 2K means 2 Kilobytes (Kb) and so on. 1024 Bytes make 1 Kilobytes (Kb).
8 bits means 1 Byte.
After understanding the concept of Bytes, Bits, and Kilobytes, let us take a look on four cases regarding C language.
177, -24, 3.99, ABCD
Incase of these four cases:
This Was the Basics of C Language Module 1, Read Module 2